Everything about Mercedonius totally explained
Mercedonius, also known as
Intercalaris, was the
intercalary month added in
leap years of the
Roman calendar. The resulting year was either 377 or 378 days long. The exact mechanism by which this was done isn't clearly specified in ancient sources. It is generally agreed by modern scholars that Februarius was truncated to 23 or 24 days, to be followed by an intercalary month of 27 days. As a result, the year was lengthened by a total of 22 or 23 days. Romans believed that the month had been added to the Roman calendar, along with
Ianuarius and Februarius, by King
Numa Pompilius in the 7th century BC. The name
Mercedonius comes from
merces, meaning
wages, as workers were paid at that time of year.
This month was supposed to be inserted every two or three years to align the 355-day common year with the
tropical year. The decision whether to insert the intercalary month was made by the
pontifex maximus, supposedly based on observations to ensure the best possible correspondence with the
seasons. Unfortunately the pontifex maximus (whose office was generally held by a politician or soldier, notably
Julius Caesar during the so-called
Years of Confusion) often neglected to insert the month at the proper time, or deliberately inserted it early or late to allow some officials to stay in office longer or force others out early. Such unpredictable intercalation meant that dates following Februarius couldn't be known in advance; neither could the current date for citizens out of communication with the city.
The month was eliminated by Julius Caesar when he introduced the
Julian calendar in 46 BC.
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